Cultural Significance of Miles Morales and Air Jordan 1
Intro
The discussion surrounding Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1 sneaker offers insight into a rich tapestry of cultural significance. Miles Morales, a character introduced in 2011, not only represents a new Spider-Man for a diverse audience but also embodies modern themes of identity and representation. The Air Jordan 1 sneaker, part of Nike's Jordan brand, has transcended its initial purpose as athletic footwear to become an enduring symbol in sneaker culture and fashion. This article explores the intertwining narratives of these two influential elements, examining their individual origins and their collective impact on contemporary society.
Spider-Man Character Analysis
Background
Spider-Man, originally created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 in 1962. The character quickly evolved, becoming a cultural phenomenon. The introduction of Miles Morales marked a pivotal moment in Spider-Man's history. As a biracial teenager, Miles brought a new perspective and demographic to the Spider-Man legacy, reflecting a wider spectrum of experiences in the superhero genre.
Powers and Abilities
Miles Morales has several abilities unique to him as Spider-Man. While he shares many powers with Peter Parker, such as superhuman strength and agility, he possesses additional skills. Notably, he can blend into the background, thanks to his camouflage ability. Miles can also emit a bio-electric venom blast, adding a distinct layer to his combat style. These powers not only set him apart but also reflect his distinct upbringing and challenges.
Character Development
Miles Morales's journey as Spider-Man is one marked by growth and self-discovery. From grappling with the weight of his responsibilities to forging his own identity within the large legacy of Spider-Man, each pivotal event shapes who he becomes. Key moments include his initial acceptance of becoming Spider-Man, navigating his dual identity, and confronting both personal and external adversities. This development resonates with audiences, particularly those who see elements of their experiences reflected in his story.
Cultural Impact of the Air Jordan
The Air Jordan 1 sneaker debuted in 1985 and was designed for basketball legend Michael Jordan. However, its significance extends far beyond basketball courts. The sneaker quickly became a staple in urban culture and has evolved into a symbol of status and artistic expression. Endorsements and collaborations have further solidified the Jordan brand's relevance in contemporary fashion.
The Miles Morales and Air Jordan Connection
Both Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1 symbolize more than just characters and products; they reflect changing cultural narratives. The association is particularly strong in the 2018 animated film "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse," where Miles is depicted wearing Air Jordan 1s, reinforcing the connection between sneaker culture and his identity. This visual representation resonates with consumers and fans alike, showing how both can be expressions of individuality and aspiration.
End
Exploring the cultural significance of Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1 illuminates essential themes of representation, identity, and consumerism. Together, they create a narrative that appeals to diverse audiences, making them enduring icons in their respective spheres. As we analyze their intertwined journeys, we appreciate the broader cultural implications they embody in today's society.
Prolusion to Miles Morales
Miles Morales is an essential figure in the Spider-Man universe, emerging as a powerful symbol of representation and diversity in contemporary comic culture. His narrative goes beyond mere superhero antics; it speaks to the complexities of identity and the challenges faced by marginalized communities. In this article, we explore how Miles Morales embodies these themes and how his connection to the Air Jordan 1 sneaker elevates his cultural significance. Both the character and the sneaker have become icons in their own rights, intersecting in ways that enrich the conversation around identity and consumer culture in modern society.
Background of the Character
Miles Morales debuted in 2011 in "Ultimate Fallout" as a part of Marvel's Ultimate Universe. He was created by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Sara Pichelli. Miles represents a new generation of Spider-Man, one that mirrors current societal dynamics and discussions around race, ethnicity, and belonging. His background as a biracial child—of African-American and Puerto Rican descent—adds depth to his character. The representation he offers resonates with a diverse audience, allowing readers to see themselves in a narrative that has historically been dominated by white characters.
Origins in Ultimate Comics
Miles Morales' origins are rooted in the Ultimate Comics, a reimagined series presenting an alternate universe within the Marvel franchise. His storyline was crafted in a context where the traditional Spider-Man, Peter Parker, had met an untimely end. This transition allowed for the introduction of Miles as the new hero, showcasing that anyone can embody the mantle of greatness, regardless of their background. The decision to introduce Miles in this way was not only innovative but necessary, as it broadened the scope of superhero narratives to include voices that had been overlooked previously.
Transition to Mainstream Spider-Man Lore
The transition of Miles Morales to mainstream Spider-Man lore signifies a significant shift in how the character is perceived within the broader Marvel canon. Following his initial popularity, he was incorporated into the primary continuity, allowing for intricate interactions with the original Spider-Man, Peter Parker. This inclusivity not only honored the character’s origins but also emphasized the importance of diversity in comic books. Miles became a representation of how even classic narratives can evolve to reflect today's society. As a result, younger fans, who may identify with Miles, can find a direct connection to the stories told in their favorite comics.
By examining his origins, background, and evolution, we set the stage to understand the cultural significance of Miles Morales, particularly in connection with the Air Jordan 1 sneaker. This exploration opens a dialogue about modern identity, representation, and the myriad influences shaping the landscape of pop culture today.
The Iconography of Air Jordan
The Air Jordan 1 sneaker stands as a cultural milestone that has transcended the realm of sports, becoming a powerful symbol in both fashion and street culture. Its significance within the context of this article lies in its connection with Miles Morales, who represents a new wave of identity and representation within the Spider-Man saga. The Air Jordan 1’s aesthetic complexity and revolutionary beginnings contribute to its enduring relevance, making it a fitting artifact to explore in relation to Miles Morales’s character.
History of the Brand
Nike, Inc., the parent company of the Jordan brand, launched the Air Jordan line in 1984, marking a pivotal point in sports marketing and shoe design. Michael Jordan’s debut in the NBA provided a platform for Nike to introduce a shoe that would change athletic wear forever. The original black and red colorway was deemed illegal by the NBA, yet this only fuelled its appeal, captivating fans and collectors alike. The controversy surrounding its use on the court positioned the Air Jordan 1 as not just a performance shoe, but a cultural statement. Over time, Nike nurtured the Jordan brand, expanding into lifestyle markets and collaborations. This strategic growth resulted in a sneaker that represented more than just a sports profile; it became a cultural artifact linking fashion, music, and youth culture.
Design Evolution of the Jordan
Upon its release, the Jordan 1 was characterized by its high-top silhouette and distinctive colorways. The design was revolutionary for its time, combining elements of performance with style. The use of premium materials and innovative cushioning became staples in sneaker design. Over the years, the Air Jordan 1 has seen numerous iterations, including variations in height, color, and collaborations with various designers.
Key design aspects include:
- Iconic Logos: The "Wings" logo and the Jumpman logo have become emblematic of sneaker culture.
- Vibrant Colorways: From the original black and red to various collaborations, color palettes continue to expand.
- Materials: Leather and suede options have increased the shoe's versatility.
This design evolution ensures that the Jordan 1 retains its status as a canvas for personal expression, appealing to a diverse audience that includes sneakerheads and Miles Morales fans.
Cultural Impact in Sports and Fashion
The Air Jordan 1 has ingrained itself into both sports and fashion history. In the realm of sports, it started as a performance shoe but grew into a symbol of basketball greatness associated with Michael Jordan's legacy. The sneaker is regularly spotted on both professional athletes and casual wearers alike, including in streetwear. Its undeniable influence is a testament to its craftsmanship, style, and brand story.
In fashion, the Air Jordan 1 crossed boundaries, being embraced by high-profile designers and celebrities. Collaborations with brands like Off-White and Travis Scott highlight its fashion relevance and adaptability. As a result, the Jordan 1 can be seen at various events beyond the court, from music festivals to runway shows.
The Air Jordan 1 serves as a bridge, connecting the worlds of sports and mainstream fashion, continually shaping cultural narratives.
The cultural impact of the Air Jordan 1 is profound, redefining sneaker culture and reinforcing the significance of representation through associations with figures like Miles Morales. The fusion of the sneaker's storied history with the character's identity reflects broader themes in society, such as race, youth culture, and individuality.
The Miles Morales Jordan 1: A Cultural Artifact
The Miles Morales Jordan 1 transcends being just a sneaker. Its significance goes beyond fashion or sports, representing deep cultural connections and narratives within broader communities. This shoe serves as a bridge between the world of comic book heroes and sneaker enthusiasts. The pair reflects the identity of Miles Morales, a character who embodies diversity and representation. As society grapples with issues of race and culture, this sneaker symbolizes the celebration of differences and the blending of worlds.
Design Features and Symbolism
The design of the Miles Morales Jordan 1 is rich in symbolism. The shoes feature a mix of red and black hues, paralleling Miles's iconic costume. Each element thoughtfully represents aspects of his personality and backstory. The use of a unique color palette reflects the vibrant energy of urban culture, where Miles's journey begins.
Additionally, the silhouette of the Jordan 1 has long been associated with rebellion and individuality. By adopting this design, the Miles Morales edition aligns itself with the very essence of street culture, inviting fans to connect with both the character and the sneaker. This connection gives wearers a sense of pride, aligning them with a narrative larger than themselves.
Limited Edition Releases
The allure of the Miles Morales Jordan 1 is amplified by its status as a limited edition release. The scarcity of these sneakers enhances their desirability among collectors and fans. Price points for these shoes often skyrocket on the resale market, driven by the passionate demand for unique, culturally resonant products. This phenomenon is not new; it reflects broader trends in sneaker culture, where exclusivity drives value.
Limited releases also generate buzz and excitement in both sneaker and comic book communities. Sometimes accompanied by special events or collaborations, these introductions are eagerly anticipated. They capture the imagination of fans and collectors alike, creating lasting memories.
Reception Among Fans and Collectors
The reception of the Miles Morales Jordan 1 within fan circles has been overwhelmingly positive. Serious collectors view this sneaker as a vital component of both sneaker culture and the broader Spider-Man narrative. It resonates distinctly with younger audiences, who often see their own identities represented through Miles.
Fans appreciate more than just the aesthetic value. They recognize the sneaker's role in ongoing dialogues about representation in media. Miles Morales, as a character, has established an emotional connection with many. The sneaker, in turn, becomes a tangible expression of that bond.
"The Miles Morales Jordan 1 isn’t just a sneaker; it’s a representation of history and identity."
The dialogue around this sneaker continues to evolve. Online communities thrive with discussions on platforms like Reddit and social media, where sneaker culture intersects with comic fandom. This creates a vibrant exchange of ideas and opinions, contributing to the sneaker's cultural narrative.
Each aspect of the Miles Morales Jordan 1 highlights its significance. The design features, limited availability, and positive reception illustrate its role as a cultural artifact. In a society increasingly aware of identity and representation, this sneaker remains at the forefront, inviting ongoing exploration and appreciation.
Representation and Identity in the Spider-Verse
The exploration of representation and identity within the Spider-Verse is crucial to understanding both the character of Miles Morales and the broader cultural landscape he inhabits. In recent years, diverse character portrayals have gained attention in comics and films. These efforts aim to resonate with a wider audience, reflecting the varied experiences of contemporary society. Miles Morales stands at the forefront of these changes, becoming emblematic of a new generation that seeks to see themselves represented in popular media.
Representation goes beyond simply adding diverse characters. It acknowledges the lived experiences, cultural backgrounds, and identities they embody. Miles, as a biracial character navigating life in Brooklyn, symbolizes the dynamic interplay of different cultures in urban America. His journey is not just about being Spider-Man; it engages with themes of race, heritage, and belonging—vital components that enrich the narrative.
Cultural Significance of Miles Morales
Miles Morales represents a significant shift in the comic book world. His debut in 2011 was more than an introduction of a new character; it was a bold statement about inclusivity. For many fans, Miles serves as a mirror reflecting their realities—an Afro-Latino youth reconciling his heritage while grappling with the demands of heroism. This duality makes him relatable and relevant.
His presence in the Spider-Verse challenges traditional norms, emphasizing that being a hero transcends race and background. The impact of his character is evident in how it empowers young readers to embrace their uniqueness and follow their aspirations without limitations. The appeal of Miles is not merely in his powers but in his authenticity, making him a role model for many.
Impact on Diversity in Comics
The comic industry has been historically criticized for its lack of diversity. However, the inclusion of Miles Morales marks a pivotal moment. It opens doors for a range of stories that speak to varied experiences beyond the dominant narratives often found in superhero comics.
Publishers are increasingly understanding the importance of diverse voices. Characters like Ms. Marvel and Black Panther have joined Miles in this expanding universe. They collectively offer rich narratives that explore identity, culture, and social issues. This trend highlights the progress being made but also underscores the ongoing need for representation to reflect society's complexities.
Relatability and Connection to Young Fans
Miles Morales' character resonates deeply with young fans. He navigates challenges that many can relate to: high school pressures, familial expectations, and the quest for self-discovery. In a world often filled with unattainable ideals, Miles’ struggles and triumphs make him approachable. Many young readers see themselves in his shoes, making his story not just a superhero tale but a journey of personal growth.
The connection to Miles extends further through the various media adaptations. Movies and animated series have brought his character to broader audiences, reinforcing his relevance.
Young fans not only admire his powers; they relate to his challenges and growth. The essence of Miles Morales, therefore, lies in his ability to bridge the gap between the extraordinary and the everyday, affirming that anyone can be a hero, irrespective of their background.
The Intersection of Sneaker Culture and Pop Culture
The relationship between sneaker culture and pop culture has become more prominent in recent years. Sneakers have evolved beyond mere footwear; they are now symbols of identity and expression. This section explores why the intersection of these two cultures is relevant to understanding the significance of the Miles Morales character and his association with the Air Jordan 1 sneaker.
Sneakers serve as a canvas for self-expression in modern society. The choices individuals make about what sneakers to wear often reflect their personal style, beliefs, and affiliations. In this context, the Air Jordan 1 stands as a quintessential representative of sneaker culture. The sneaker's history and its connection to sports, music, and fashion underscore its role in shaping modern identity.
The Role of Sneakers in Modern Identity
Sneakers play a pivotal role in constructing modern identity. Many people identify themselves through the brands they wear. For younger generations, sneakers can signify belonging to specific groups or subcultures. The Air Jordan 1, in particular, is intertwined with hip-hop culture and street fashion, enhancing its cultural significance. When Miles Morales dons the Air Jordan 1, he embodies not only his unique identity but also the broader significance of sneakers in youth culture.
Collaborations Between Artists and Brands
Collaborations between artists and sneaker brands have proliferated in recent years. These partnerships often produce limited-edition sneakers, elevating both the art and the brand. For example, collaborations between Nike and renowned figures like Travis Scott and Virgil Abloh have generated significant buzz and interest within sneaker culture. This phenomenon is crucial in understanding how Miles Morales, as a character, interacts with both the sneaker world and pop culture. These partnerships often symbolize creativity and innovation, illustrating how culture can be shaped by these intersections.
The Influence of Social Media in Sneaker Trends
Social media platforms have revolutionized how sneaker culture is experienced and shared. Platforms such as Instagram and Twitter play a critical role in disseminating trends and information about sneaker releases. The influence of these platforms cannot be understated. They allow users to capture their sneaker collections, engage with brands, and converse with other enthusiasts. The accessibility of information has transformed sneaker culture, making it more inclusive. Miles Morales, a character who resonates with a diverse audience, embodies this seamless connection between the digital landscape and sneaker culture.
Sneakers signify more than just footwear; they represent personal brands, cultural affiliations, and social belonging.
In the larger narrative of the intersection between sneaker culture and pop culture, Miles Morales serves as a crucial figure. His character's journey is a direct reflection of how sneakers can narrate stories of identity, community, and aspiration. The Air Jordan 1 is not just a shoe—it is an emblem of a culture that continues to evolve, mirroring the complexities of modern identity.
Longevity of the Miles Morales Persona
The longevity of the Miles Morales persona illustrates the adaptability and resilience of character creation in modern storytelling. This resilience is central to understanding his ongoing popularity. Created in 2011, Miles has become more than just a replacement for Peter Parker; he represents a broader spectrum of cultural narratives. His relevance persists through evolving media forms, showcasing how characters can resonate across generations while embodying contemporary issues.
Adaptations in Film and Television
Miles Morales has seen significant adaptations in film and television, which have amplified his presence in popular culture. The animated film "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse" was a landmark achievement. Its unique animation style, storytelling, and character development resonated deeply with audiences. This film not only introduced Miles to a global audience but also demonstrated the potential of animated superhero films. It earned accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Television adaptations, particularly in animated series like "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" and recent entries in the Marvel animated universe, have expanded his character further. These adaptations ensure that new audiences continuously discover Miles, cementing his place in the Spider-Man legacy.
Video Game Representation
Video game representation plays a crucial role in the sustained interest in Miles Morales. The game "Spider-Man: Miles Morales" offers players an interactive experience that bridges traditional storytelling with player agency. Gamers engage with Miles in an open-world setting, allowing for exploration of his character in-depth. The narrative, combined with vibrant visuals and engaging gameplay, showcases his growth and the challenges he faces as a young superhero.
Furthermore, this representation introduces Miles to a demographic that might not actively seek out comic books or animated series. By interacting with him as a playable character, players develop a personal connection to his story, reinforcing its importance in popular culture.
Future of the Character
The future of Miles Morales seems promising, with numerous directions for his character to evolve. Upcoming films, sequels, and series are already in development, which suggests that interest in him will only grow. The comic book industry continues to push boundaries, and Miles stands as a beacon of representation, merging cultural narratives with superhero themes.
Moreover, ongoing discussions about diversity in storytelling underline the character's significance. As society grapples with issues of identity, representation, and inclusion, Miles serves as a crucial figure. He embodies the hope for a future where narratives reflect a multiplicity of voices. In essence, Miles Morales is not just a character; he is a cultural phenomenon that continues to adapt and thrive in changing landscapes.
"Miles Morales represents a new generation that craves diversity in superhero stories, making him relevant now and in the future."
Through continuous adaptations and exploration of his character across various media, the Miles Morales persona remains robust. This ensures that he connects deeply with audiences across different platforms, securing his legacy in the Spider-Man universe."
Consumerism and the Jordan Brand
The interplay between consumerism and the Jordan Brand sheds light on why sneakers like the Air Jordan 1 resonate deeply within popular culture and with characters like Miles Morales. The significance of the Jordan Brand can’t be understated. It is not just about the shoe; it's about the culture, identity, and community that come with it.
The Business Model of Nike
Nike operates on a multifaceted business model that has allowed it to maintain a strong foothold in the global sportswear market. The brand leverages high-profile endorsements and collaborations to create a premium image. Michael Jordan was a pivotal figure in this success, acting not just as an athlete but as a cultural icon. The brand’s strategy involves:
- Product Innovation: Regularly updating and improving designs.
- Limited Releases: Creating scarcity which enhances desirability.
This business model allows Nike to command higher prices, especially for iconic lines like the Air Jordan series, which positions it well among consumers who see the products as symbols of status and style.
Marketing Strategies Targeting Youth
Nike’s marketing strategies are notably youthful and vibrant. The brand effectively uses social media platforms to engage a younger demographic. Campaigns are designed to resonate with the interests and lifestyles of today’s youth. Some key strategies include:
- Influencer Partnerships: Collaborations with celebrities and social media influencers who emulate the cultural impact of the brand.
- Interactive Engagement: Nike uses gamification and interactive campaigns to involve consumers directly. This hands-on approach cultivates brand loyalty among young fans who eagerly anticipate new releases.
These marketing efforts directly appeal to the values of youth, fostering a sense of belonging and community around the sneaker culture.
Nostalgia and Brand Loyalty
The connection to nostalgia plays a significant role in brand loyalty associated with Nike and its Jordan line. For many consumers, the Air Jordan 1 is tied to memories of their youth or to the legacy of Michael Jordan’s career. This emotional connection often leads to continued consumer support. The brand leverages this nostalgia in several ways:
- Throwback Designs: Nike regularly re-releases vintage designs which spark memories for longtime fans.
- Storytelling: Through marketing narratives, Nike crafts stories about its products, often re-engaging consumers and solidifying brand loyalty.
"Brand loyalty influenced by nostalgia can create a powerful connection to new generations, effectively bridging the past and the present."
In essence, the intersection of consumerism and the Jordan Brand reflects broader cultural themes. The Air Jordan 1 and its connection to Miles Morales exemplify how identity, representation, and economic trends intertwine in modern popular culture.
The Future of Sneakers in Comic Culture
The relationship between sneakers and comic culture is evolving rapidly. This intersection is important in understanding how footwear has become an essential part of character identities. Specifically, the relevance of the Air Jordan 1 in connection with Miles Morales serves as a case study for this phenomenon. As culture shifts, so does the significance of the products rooted in it. Sneakers are no longer mere athletic wear; they have become fashion statements and cultural symbols.
Trends in Merchandise and Collaborations
In recent years, there has been a noticeable trend in collaborations between sneaker brands and comic franchises. Companies like Nike and Adidas frequently partner with comic publishers to design exclusive sneakers. These collaborations often reflect the characteristics of the characters they represent. For instance, the Miles Morales Jordan 1 features design elements that resonate with his persona as a hero tackling complex issues of identity and culture.
- Customization options have surfaced, allowing fans to personalize sneakers featuring their favorite characters.
- Limited releases often lead to a sense of urgency, creating collectors' items that appeal to avid fans.
The rise of pop culture conventions has also contributed significantly, enabling merchandise to gain visibility. Fans often look for exclusive sneaker designs tied to events like San Diego Comic-Con. This synergy underscores the growing integration of sneakers in comic culture.
Anticipating Future Releases
As we look to the future, the potential for new releases is promising. The continuous evolution of sneaker technology will likely shape upcoming designs. Considerations include:
- Sustainability: There is a growing emphasis on eco-friendly materials in sneaker production. This trend aligns with the values of younger consumers who prioritize sustainability in their purchasing decisions.
- Character Evolution: As comic narratives progress, so too can the designs reflect character transformations. Expect sneakers that evolve in aesthetics and technology as characters develop within their respective story arcs.
- Expanded Collaborations: More partnerships are anticipated between sneaker brands and diverse comic characters, promoting representation across different cultures and narratives.
Integrating Technology in Sneaker Design
Technological advancement in sneaker design is inevitable. Features that enhance performance are becoming standard. Future sneakers may incorporate:
- Smart Technology: Footwear with built-in sensors that track athletic performance or health metrics may become popular. This is useful not just for athletes but also for everyday wearers wanting to monitor their fitness.
- Augmented Reality: Some brands are exploring AR features that may allow consumers to visualize how sneakers look on them through apps before making a purchase.
- 3D Printing: This technology can create customized shoes that fit perfectly, potentially revolutionizing how consumers shop for sneakers.
The fusion of these elements signifies that sneakers will remain a key aspect of comic culture, with an appreciation from both collectors and casual fans alike.
"Sneakers have morphed from simplistic shoes to symbols representing deeper narratives in comic culture."
Closure
The conclusion is a significant part of this article as it encapsulates the core themes and insights discussed throughout. It is essential to recapitulate the key points mentioned earlier, reinforcing the narrative constructed around Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1. This section serves as a final reflection on how these two icons intersect, shaping cultural perspectives and identity.
Summarizing Key Insights
In this article, we examined how Miles Morales exemplifies a new representation in the superhero narrative, moving beyond traditional archetypes. His connection to the Air Jordan 1 adds layers to this representation, linking sportswear culture with the struggles and achievements of a young, diverse superhero. Key insights include the following:
- The evolution of Miles Morales, starting from comic origins to becoming a symbol of today's superhero lore.
- The Air Jordan 1 as an emblem not only of sneaker culture but also of personal expression and identity among youth.
- The broader implications of representation in media, demonstrating the importance of diversity and relatability in modern storytelling.
The Lasting Impact of Miles Morales and Jordan
The lasting impact of Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1 is significant in today’s cultural landscape. Their intersection speaks to a generation that values authenticity, representation, and individuality. The Jordan 1 has been more than just a sneaker; it embodies the spirit of innovation and self-expression. Meanwhile, Miles Morales has become a role model, particularly for young fans from underrepresented backgrounds. Together, they create a narrative that inspires and resonates, highlighting the cultural relevance of both the character and the sneaker.
Considerations for Future Discussions
Looking ahead, future discussions could explore how evolving societal norms continue to shape characters like Miles Morales and their affiliations with brands like Jordan. Factors to consider include:
- The ongoing influence of social media on the cultural status of characters and products.
- New developments in representation, particularly for characters of diverse backgrounds in various forms of media.
- The sustainability of sneaker culture and its connection to broader fashion trends.
By examining these aspects, one can appreciate the dynamic interplay between cultural icons like Miles Morales and the Air Jordan 1, and the ways they reflect and influence contemporary society.
